VAT calculator: net ⇄ gross
Convert an amount excluding VAT to including VAT (and back), to the cent.
Excluding VAT (net)
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VAT
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Including VAT (gross)
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Several lines? Total them like a quote
Add your lines (each with its amount and rate): net, VAT and gross totals are computed automatically.
How to calculate VAT
Net to gross: gross = net × (1 + rate). At 20%: €100 net × 1.20 = €120 gross.
Gross to net: net = gross ÷ (1 + rate). At 20%: €120 gross ÷ 1.20 = €100 net.
The VAT amount is simply the difference: VAT = gross − net.
Classic trap: subtracting 20% from a gross price does NOT give the net price. €120 − 20% = €96, while the true net is €100. To remove VAT, divide by 1.20 — never subtract the percentage.
Common VAT rates (United Kingdom)
The applicable rate depends on the goods or service sold:
- 20%Standard rate — most goods and services.
- 5%Reduced rate — home energy, children's car seats…
- 0%Zero rate — most food, books, children's clothes.
FAQ
How do I convert a net price to gross?
Multiply the net amount by (1 + VAT rate). At 20%, €50 net gives 50 × 1.20 = €60 gross.
How do I get the net price back from a gross price?
Divide the gross amount by (1 + rate). At 20%, €60 ÷ 1.20 = €50 net. Subtracting 20% from the gross would be wrong.
How do I calculate the VAT amount alone?
VAT = gross − net. From a net amount: VAT = net × rate. From a 20% gross amount: VAT = gross × 20 ÷ 120 (i.e. gross ÷ 6).
Can I use this calculator for a quote or invoice?
Yes: the multi-line table accepts net or gross amounts line by line, each with its own rate, and totals net, VAT and gross — like a quote. Do check the rounding rules that apply to your invoicing.